Furnace damper control system

ABSTRACT

A furnace damper control system including a furnace having at least one opening through which electromagnetic radiation from within the furnace may be sensed, an exhaust duct capable of receiving an exhaust gas stream emerging from the furnace, and a controllable damper capable of adjusting the pressure in the exhaust duct. A sensor is capable of sensing electromagnetic radiation through one or more of the openings of the furnace and generating a sensor signal corresponding to the electromagnetic radiation, and a processor is capable of processing the sensor signal and generating a monitoring signal responsive to a parameter of the electromagnetic radiation indicative of furnace emissions. A controller is capable of controlling the damper responsive to the monitoring signal indicative of the furnace emissions.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application is being filed as a divisional application ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/371,361 entitled “FURNACE DAMPERCONTROL SYSTEM AND METHOD” filed on Feb. 13, 2009, and assigned to theassignee hereof. This application is hereby expressly incorporated byreference herein.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present invention is related to damper control systems, and inparticular, systems and methods for controlling exhaust dampers onsteelmaking furnaces.

Furnaces, including steelmaking furnaces such as electric arc furnacesfor melting steel and other similar products, are typically used incombination with emission recovery systems. Emission recovery systemsare needed to capture airborne particulate emissions and exhaust gasescreated during operation of the furnace.

The exhaust gases created in an electric arc furnace may include certaingases subject to environmental and workplace regulations. For example,gases such as carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, and nitrous oxides arefrequently produced in the furnace. Volatile organic compounds (VOC)have also been generated during the melt process. Additionally,particulate emissions, such as slag or dust, are produced during themelting process. These exhaust gases and particulate emissions arecaptured and may be treated in compliance with appropriate regulations.

The volume and composition of furnace exhaust varies significantlyduring the melting process. The rate at which exhaust gases andparticulate emissions are created depends upon many factors, such as thestage of the melting process, the temperature within the furnace, andthe amount of air entering the furnace. These same factors also affectthe composition of the exhaust gases as the constituent components ofexhaust gases are produced or consumed within the furnace.

Another factor affecting the volume and composition of furnace exhaustis the composition of the raw materials being melted. For example, theuse of scrap metal as a raw material in steelmaking has resulted inpaint and other previously applied coatings, and various impuritiesbeing introduced into the furnace. During furnace operation, theseimpurities melt or burn further contributing to the varied nature of thefurnace exhaust. Some furnaces are also equipped to inject carbon andoxygen throughout the melting process resulting in combustion thatproduces large volumes of gaseous reaction products that add to theexhaust gases. The gaseous reaction products are generated at a variablerate as different sources of carbon are injected into the furnaceresulting in fluctuations in the volume of exhaust gases that must beevacuated from the furnace. The evacuation of exhaust gases mayregulated and controlled to improve furnace operations.

Typically an emission recovery system includes an induced draft fan andone or more exhaust ducts in communication with an electric arc furnace.The induced draft fan produces a negative pressure that draws furnaceexhaust into the exhaust ducts to be collected in a baghouse filter,electrostatic precipitators, or other collection system. Variousconfigurations of exhaust ducts have been developed to improve theoverall capture of exhaust gases and particulate emissions. For example,exhaust ducts have been positioned to suction exhaust directly from anopening in or adjacent the roof of the electric arc furnace. Exhaustducts may also be configured as a canopy or hood over electric arcfurnaces.

The induced draft fan causes negative pressure adjacent the fan in theexhaust duct enabling air to be drawn into the furnace, or draft. Thisair may be heated and combusted within the furnace and exhausted throughthe exhaust ducts. The exhaust gases may exceed 3000.degree. F. uponexiting the furnace. Excessive negative pressure may cause excessivedraft, and excessive draft may cause excessive amounts of air to bedrawn into the furnace. Heating and/or combusting this excess airconsumes energy resulting in a reduction in furnace efficiency. Further,excess air drawn into the furnace may increase the production ofundesirable exhaust gases, such as nitrous oxides. This further reducesthe efficiency of furnace operations and increases operating costs. Someundesirable exhaust gases may need to be scrubbed for environmentalreasons. Excessive draft also causes temperature control problems andreduces efficiency, and in steelmaking affects slag foaming, slagcontent, skulling, and other processing parameters.

Conversely, if insufficient negative pressure is applied to the exhaustduct, not enough draft is provided and the desired portion of theexhaust gases and particulate emissions may not be drawn into theexhaust ducts, and may escape through openings in the furnace and bypassthe emission recovery system. The escaping exhaust gases and particulateemissions may also cause environmental and workplace concerns. Toolittle draft may also cause problems related to temperature control inthe furnace and excess production of potentially overheated gases.Conversely, if too much draft is applied, furnace efficiency is reducedand operating costs are increased. Thus, a balance in furnace draftcontrol is desirable for efficient use of the furnace.

Efficient operation of a furnace therefore requires regulation of thenegative pressure in the exhaust ducts and draft to the furnace. Toaddress these problems, emission recovery systems on steelmakingfurnaces have typically utilized dampers capable of adjusting thenegative pressure in the exhaust ducts. Previously, exhaust dampers havebeen set to fixed positions during operation of the furnace. To ensureadequate capture of furnace emissions, the dampers have been set toapply a negative pressure enabling a draft capable of capturing a highvolume of exhaust gases produced during operating states of the furnace.Experienced operators have manually adjusted the exhaust dampers duringoperation to reduce drawing excess air into the furnace. The operatorswould watch the furnace to detect “puffing,” or the escape of excessiveexhaust gases or particulate emissions through openings in the furnace.Puffing was typically associated with flames or gases emitting from theopenings in the furnace. The operator may manually adjust the damper inresponse to these observations. This approach required an experiencedoperator to monitor and adjust the exhaust damper, which may furtherincrease the operating costs of steelmaking.

Some attempts have been made to automate damper control. For example,attempts have been made to measure the negative pressure in the furnaceor exhaust ducts directly with a pressure sensor as illustrated in U.S.Pat. No. 6,301,285. In these types of systems, pressure sensors havebeen mounted in the electric arc furnace roof or in the exhaust duct.The pressure sensors, however, have often become clogged with dust orslag particles from the furnace exhaust. Moreover, the high temperatureswithin the furnace and exhaust ducts have often damaged or destroyed thesensor rendering the system inoperative and further increasing operatingcosts of steelmaking. Additionally, the pressure differentials that havebeen measured are relatively small making precise control of the dampersdifficult. Typical environmental fluctuations and changes have also madepressure monitoring less reliable as the desired pressure settings maychange over relatively short time periods.

Other attempts to automate emission recovery systems have relied uponmeasurements of the composition of furnace exhaust gases. For example,U.S. Pat. No. 6,748,004 describes a system that measures theconstituents, e.g. COx, of the exhaust gas. U.S. Pat. No. 6,372,009describes a system that measures the temperature of the exhaust gas andthe amount of carbon monoxide at various points in the exhaust gasstream. Sensors in these types of systems have also been susceptible tobecoming clogged or damaged by the high temperatures present in thefurnace.

Accordingly, there continues to be a need for improved damper controlsystems that reliably capture furnace emissions while achieving improvedenergy efficiency and reduced operating costs.

A furnace damper control system is presently disclosed comprising [0014]a) a furnace having at least one opening through which electromagneticradiation from within the furnace may be sensed, an exhaust duct adaptedto receive an exhaust gas stream emerging from the furnace, and acontrollable damper adapted to adjust the pressure in the exhaust duct;[0015] b) a sensor adapted to sense electromagnetic radiation emittedthrough one or more of the openings of the furnace and generate a sensorsignal corresponding to the emitted electromagnetic radiation indicativeof furnace emissions; and [0016] c) a controller adapted to control thedamper responsive to the monitoring signal indicative of the furnaceemissions. The parameter of the electromagnetic radiation may be oneselected from the group consisting of intensity, wavelength, amplitude,frequency, and combinations thereof.

Alternately, the furnace damper control system may comprise [0018] a) afurnace having at least one opening through which electromagneticradiation from within the furnace may be sensed, an exhaust duct adaptedto receive an exhaust gas stream emerging from the steelmaking furnace,and a controllable damper adapted to adjust the pressure in the exhaustduct; [0019] b) a sensor adapted to sense emitted electromagneticradiation through one or more of the openings of the furnace andgenerate digital images thereof; [0020] c) a processor adapted toprocess the digital images and generate a monitoring signal responsiveto a parameter of the digital images indicative of furnace emissions;[0021] d) a controller adapted to control the damper responsive to themonitoring signal indicative of the furnace emissions.

The sensor may be further capable of generating a digital imageindicative of at least a part of the visible spectrum. The sensor may bea monochrome sensor or a multi-color sensor. Alternatively or incombination an infrared sensor may be employed.

The processor may be capable of comparing the intensity of pixels in thedigital images to a desired reference intensity. The reference intensitymay represent intensity in the visible spectrum, infrared spectrum, orboth. The reference intensity may be a predetermined value or anadjustable value. The monitoring signal from the processor maycorrespond to a ratio of pixels of the digital images exceeding thereference intensity. Alternately or in addition, the monitoring signalmay correspond to the number of pixels of the digital images having anintensity exceeding the reference intensity.

The processor may be capable of analyzing all or a part of the colorspectra in the visible range of pixels of the digital images andgenerating a monitoring signal corresponding to the analyzed color ofthe pixels in the digital images. The monitoring signal may correspondto two or more parameters of pixels of the digital images to providemore accurate control.

The processor may be capable of segmenting the digital images intoselected control zones, where each control zone is a portion of thedigital images. The control zones may be predetermined portions of thedigital images, or the control zones may be determined by the processor.The processor may be capable of processing pixels of the digital imagesin each control zone. In any case, the control zone may be a physicalpart of the digital images or selected from different parts of theelectromagnetic spectrum.

The controller may comprise one selected from a group consisting of acomputer, a programmable logic controller, a proportional integralderivative controller, or a combination thereof. The controller may becapable of generating a control signal corresponding to a desiredadjustment of the controllable damper indicated by the monitoringsignal. Alternately or in addition, the controller may be capable ofcomparing the monitoring signal to a set-point. In some embodiments, thecontroller may be capable of generating at least two control signalscorresponding to desired adjustments of at least two dampers.

The furnace damper control system may include an actuator capable ofpositioning the damper. The actuator may be an electric motor or apneumatic or hydraulic regulator.

The furnace damper control system may include a pressure sensor capableof generating a pressure monitoring signal.

The controller may be capable of generating a control signalcorresponding to a desired adjustment of the damper indicated by themonitoring signal, the pressure monitoring signal, or combinationsthereof.

Also disclosed is a method of controlling a furnace damper, the methodcomprising: a) sensing electromagnetic radiation emitted through one ormore openings of a furnace and generating a sensor signal correspondingto the emitted electromagnetic radiation; b) processing the sensorsignal and generating a monitoring signal responsive to a parameter ofthe electromagnetic radiation indicative of furnace emissions; and c)controlling the damper responsive to the monitoring signal indicative ofthe furnace emissions.

Alternatively, a method of controlling a furnace damper may comprise: a)sensing electromagnetic radiation emitted through one or more openingsof a furnace and generating digital images thereof; b) processing thedigital images and generating a monitoring signal responsive to aparameter of the digital images indicative of furnace emissions; and c)controlling the damper responsive to the monitoring signal indicative ofthe furnace emissions.

Also presently disclosed is a furnace comprising: a) a converter adaptedto contain molten metal; b) an exhaust duct adapted to receive anexhaust gas stream emerging from the furnace; c) a negative pressureapparatus adapted to draw the exhaust gas stream from the furnacethrough the exhaust duct; d) a controllable damper adapted to adjust thepressure in the exhaust duct; e) at least one opening through whichelectromagnetic radiation from within the furnace may be sensed; f) asensor adapted to sense electromagnetic radiation emitted through one ormore of the openings of the furnace and generate digital images thereof;g) a processor adapted to process the digital images and generate amonitoring signal responsive to a parameter of the digital imagesindicative of furnace emissions; and h) a controller adapted to controlthe damper responsive to the monitoring signal indicative of the furnaceemissions.

A method of making steel is also disclosed comprising: a) charging afurnace with raw material; b) operating the furnace to melt the steel;c) sensing electromagnetic radiation emitted through one or moreopenings of the furnace and generating digital images thereof; d)processing the digital images and generating a monitoring signalresponsive to a parameter of the digital images indicative of furnaceemissions; and e) controlling the damper responsive to the monitoringsignal indicative of the furnace emissions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Presently contemplated embodiments of the damper control system aredescribed below by reference to the following figures:

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an electric arc furnace damper controlsystem;

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatical perspective view of a baghouse;

FIG. 3 is a captured image of an electric arc furnace;

FIG. 4 is a captured image of an electric arc furnace with three controlzones;

FIG. 5A is a graph of a monitoring signal;

FIG. 5B is a graph of a control signal;

FIG. 6 is a schematic view of another electric arc furnace dampercontrol system; and

FIG. 7 is a schematic view of yet another electric arc furnace dampercontrol system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Referring generally to FIGS. 1 through 8, a furnace damper controlsystem 10 is disclosed for a furnace, such as an electric arc furnace,basic oxygen furnace, or other steelmaking furnace. The damper controlsystem 10 may control the damper to adjust the pressure in the exhaustduct 41 to maintain flow in the exhaust duct to evacuate exhaust gasesand furnace emissions, such as dust, flame, and gaseous combustion orreaction products. The furnace damper control system 10 may be used inother high temperature furnace systems employing exhaust ducts such asincinerators. As shown in FIG. 1, the system 10 may comprise a furnace,e.g. an electric arc furnace, having at least one opening through whichelectromagnetic radiation from heat within the furnace may be viewed, anexhaust duct 41 capable of receiving an exhaust gas stream emerging fromthe furnace, and a controllable damper 90 capable of adjusting thepressure in the exhaust duct 41. The furnace damper control system 10also comprises a sensor 50 capable of sensing electromagnetic radiationemitted from the furnace through one or more of the openings, aprocessor 60, an actuator 80 capable of positioning the damper 90, and acontroller 70 capable of controlling the damper responsive to the sensedelectromagnetic radiation.

The damper control system 10 includes a negative pressure apparatus,such as one or more induced draft fans 95. The induced draft fans 95 maybe draft fans for a baghouse system 44 or emission collection system asshown in FIG. 2. The induced draft fan 95 is positioned to create anegative pressure within the exhaust duct 41 and draw exhaust gases fromthe furnace into the exhaust duct 41, enabling a draft through thefurnace. The controllable damper 90 is positioned to control thepressure in the exhaust duct 41. The controllable damper 90 may becapable of adjusting the pressure at the exhaust duct 41 to control thegas flow rate through the damper 90 and exhaust duct 41. The actuator 80is positioned capable of adjusting the damper to control the gas flowrate through the damper 90 as desired.

A steelmaking furnace such as an electric arc furnace 18 may have one ormore openings through which electromagnetic radiation may be sensed. Asshown in FIG. 1, an electric arc furnace 18 may have a furnace converter20 with a furnace roof 21. The furnace 18 may have an opening referredto as the furnace-roof opening 22. The electric arc furnace 18 may alsohave at least one and typically three electrodes 30 and electrodeholders 31, as desired for the size and heat capacity of the furnace.The electrode 30 enters the furnace through electrode port 34, which mayprovide for an opening between the electrode and the edge of theelectrode port 34 referred to as the electrode opening 32. The furnacemay also have an exhaust port 40 through which exhaust gases exit thefurnace. The electric arc furnace damper control system 10 may also havean exhaust duct 41 positioned to receive the exhaust gas stream emergingfrom the exhaust port 40 of the electric arc furnace. An opening or gapbetween the exhaust port 40 and the exhaust duct 41 may be referred toas the exhaust port opening 42. The steelmaking furnace typically mayhave a slag door 45 in the furnace 18. The slag door 45 may furtherprovide an opening through which electromagnetic radiation may beviewed. Alternately or in addition, exhaust gases may be capturedthrough a canopy duct, not shown, which may be positioned over theelectric arc furnace. The overall structure and operation of an electricarc furnace is further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,584,137, thedisclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference for purpose ofbest mode. Reference may be made to U.S. Pat. No. 6,584,137 forappropriate construction and operational details but forms no part ofthe present invention.

During operation, the furnace roof 21 may be removed and a charge of rawmaterial, such as scrap metal and other iron sources, introduced intothe furnace 18. In the electric arc furnace 18, the electrode 30 is usedto generate heat and temperature to melt the raw material, typicallyresulting in exhaust gases and particulate emissions being generatedwithin the furnace. These exhaust gases and particulate emissions mayexit the furnace through the exhaust port 40. The exhaust gases andparticulate emissions may also escape from the furnace through thefurnace-roof opening 22, and the openings around the electrodes and theexhaust port.

Also during operation, electromagnetic radiation may be emitted throughthe furnace-roof opening 22, electrode opening 32, exhaust port opening42, or other openings in the electric arc furnace. The emittedelectromagnetic radiation may be visible light from flames. The flamesfrom within the furnace may extend a distance through the furnace-roofopening 22, the electrode opening 32, and the exhaust port opening 42.The nature of the electromagnetic radiation emitted through theseopenings correlates with the amount of exhaust gases or particulateemissions escaping from the furnace. Further, we have found that theamount of emission and the distance the flame extends through theopenings can be correlated with the pressure inside the exhaust duct 41and the electric arc furnace 18. Electromagnetic radiation emissionsthrough the openings indicate the need to adjust the controllable damper90 to increase or decrease the operating efficiency of the furnace.Electromagnetic radiation other than visible light, such as infraredradiation, may be observable through the openings of the furnace with anappropriate sensor.

By detecting electromagnetic radiation through one or more of theopenings of the electric arc furnace, the sensor 50 may be used tomonitor the emissions from the furnace. For example, electromagneticradiation from excessive flame and heat emitting from the furnace-roofopening 22, the electrode opening 32, and/or the exhaust port opening 42may indicate excessive pressure in the furnace 18. The furnace dampercontrol system 10 may use the electromagnetic radiation sensed fromthese openings to automatically control the damper 90 to regulate thenegative pressure applied to the exhaust duct and the draft to thefurnace. This automatic adjustment may be used to control the flowthrough the exhaust duct to maintain an effective draft resulting infurnace emissions being captured while improving the operatingefficiency of the furnace.

The sensor 50 may be capable of sensing electromagnetic radiation andgenerating a sensor signal 51 corresponding to the electromagneticradiation. The sensor signal 51 may correspond to one or more parametersof the electromagnetic radiation such as wavelength, frequency,amplitude, intensity or brightness, or other measured parameters. Sensor50 may include a wavelength sensor, visible brightness sensor, infraredtemperature sensor, or other sensor capable of sensing desiredparameters of the electromagnetic radiation.

Alternately or in addition, the sensor 50 may be capable of sensing theelectromagnetic radiation emitted through the openings of the furnaceand generating a sensor signal 51 comprising digital images indicativeof the sensed electromagnetic radiation. The captured image produced bythe sensor may be a monochrome image, such as a gray-scale image. Asample monochrome captured image 100 is shown in FIG. 3. Alternatively,the captured image may be a multi-colored image or an infrared image. Inanother alternative, the captured image may contain representations ofall or portions of the visible spectrum and/or the infrared spectrum. Ina configuration generating digital images, the sensor 50 may be anintegrated component such as a thermal imaging or infrared camera, ormay consist of discrete components such as an image sensor capable ofsensing the desired electromagnetic radiation and a component capable ofcapturing and transmitting digital images from the image sensor, such asa frame grabber.

The nature of the operating environment may influence the selection ofthe sensor 50 for a given application. Protection systems may beemployed to guard the sensor against damage in a high temperatureenvironment. In a steel mill, for example, the sensor may be exposed tohigh temperatures near a steelmaking furnace (e.g. about 2600.degree. to3000.degree. F.); therefore, a sensor suitable for such high temperatureuse or a cooling system may be used.

The processor 60 communicates with the sensor 50 and may receive thesensor signal 51 through any conventional means, such as wired orwireless connections. The processor 60 is capable of receiving andprocessing the sensor signal 51 and generating a monitoring signalresponsive to a desired parameter of emitted and monitoredelectromagnetic radiation indicative of furnace emissions. The furnaceemissions may be correlated with the pressure or temperature in thefurnace, and the monitoring signal may also be responsive to a desiredparameter of emitted and monitored electromagnetic radiation. Themonitoring signal may be responsive to a desired parameter of the sensorsignal 51 indicative of the furnace emission, pressure, or otheroperating parameters in the furnace. For example, the processor 60 mayreceive a sensor signal corresponding to the intensity or brightness ofthe electromagnetic radiation. We have found that the brightness orintensity of the electromagnetic radiation can be empirically correlatedto a difference between the pressure inside the furnace and the ambientatmospheric pressure. The intensity may, for example, correspond tobrightness in the visual spectrum or to temperature in the infraredspectrum. The processor generates a monitoring signal responsive to thesensor signal 51 receivable by the controller 70 for controlling thedamper 90. In one example, the processor 60 may compare the sensedintensity of the electromagnetic radiation to a reference intensity,discussed below. In this embodiment, the processor 60 may generate amonitoring signal and the controller 70, which may generate a controlsignal, may control the damper to maintain the reference parametermonitored. Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, intensity, or othermeasures of electromagnetic radiation are contemplated for use ingenerating the monitoring signal in the damper control system. Themonitoring signal may be indicative of furnace emissions, and indirectlypressure or temperature in the furnace, and may determine the sensor 50for the given application.

Alternately or in addition, the processor 60 may be an image processorcapable of receiving a sensor signal 51 comprising captured digitalimages from the sensor 50. When the sensor signal 51 comprises digitalimages, the captured digital image received by the image processor maycomprise pixels, each pixel representing a portion of the capturedimage. The image processor may be capable of processing the pixels ofthe captured images and generating a monitoring signal 61 correspondingto a parameter of the pixels of the captured image. The image processor60 may also be capable of filtering or altering the captured digitalimage. Such filtering or alteration may be performed either before orduring processing of the captured image. Filtering the captured imagemay improve the stability of the damper control system. Also, filteringmay be able to increase the contrast between pixels representing furnaceemissions, such as flames, and pixels that do not represent furnaceemissions.

When the sensor signal 51 comprises digital images, the processor 60 mayprocess the pixels of the captured digital images in numerous ways. Inone example, the image processor may compare the intensity of all orpart of the pixels of the captured digital image to a referenceintensity. The intensity of a pixel may, for example, correspond tobrightness in visual spectrum or to temperature in the infraredspectrum. The processor 60 may generate the monitoring signal responsiveto the difference between pixel intensity and the reference intensity.Other measures of intensity or similar characteristics that can bedetermined from the captured digital images are contemplated for use inthe damper control system, depending upon the capabilities of the sensorselected for a given application.

Numerous processors capable of receiving the sensor signal 51 andgenerating a monitoring signal are known to those of ordinary skill inthe art. For example, the processor 60 may be a personal computer,microprocessor, or dedicated digital signal processor programmed forreceiving a sensor signal 51 corresponding to the electromagneticradiation. The processor 60 may be an image processor includingcommercially available image processing software, or custom orsemi-custom software. One such commercially available software packagefor image processing is National Instruments Machine Vision™.

The sensor 50 or processor 60 may also be capable of altering the sensorsignal 51 before processing by the processor 60. For example, the sensor50 or processor 60 may be capable of filtering and/or compressing thesignal. When the sensor signal 51 comprises digital images, the sensor50 or processor 60 may be capable of cropping or compressing thecaptured digital image. Cropping may entail excluding portions of thecaptured image to reduce the size of the captured image transmitted tothe image processor. Numerous techniques are well known for imagecompression and may be employed. Applying these or other alterations arenot required, but may improve the speed of transmission andresponsiveness of the damper control system.

The processor 60 may compare the sensed electromagnetic radiation to areference intensity. The reference intensity may be a predeterminedvalue that has been correlated with flame being emitted through anopening of the electric arc furnace. As shown in the captured images ofFIGS. 3 and 4, the image may have portions that have relativebrightness, corresponding to visible flame escaping from the furnace.The reference intensity of the electromagnetic radiation may be selectedto identify the pixels that represent the emitted flame. In one example,pixels having an intensity of approximately 95% of the maximumintensity, i.e. 95% of full scale, were identified as correlated withvisible flame and excessive furnace emissions.

Alternatively, the reference intensity of the electromagnetic radiationmay be an adjustable value. The reference intensity may be selected byan operator in response to observed operating performance of thefurnace, or the reference intensity may be dynamically determined by theprocessor 60. For example, the reference value of the electromagneticradiation may be adjusted based upon historical data collected by theprocessing software of the damper control system. The processor 60 maybe capable of automatically calibrating the reference intensity orsetting the reference intensity when instructed by an operator. Acalibration of the sensor 50 and the processor 60 may be useful when thedamper control system is used in an environment with other sources ofelectromagnetic radiation that may affect the sensed electromagneticradiation representing furnace emissions, such as smoke or othervariables.

In one configuration, after comparing each pixel to the selectedreference intensity, the image processor 60 may calculate the percentageof pixels in the captured image that exceed the reference intensity ofthe electromagnetic radiation. The calculated percentage may be theparameter used to generate the monitoring signal 61 by the processor 60.For example, the monitoring signal 61 may be set to the calculatedpercentage in the range of 0% to 100%. In another alternative, theprocessor 60 may calculate the total number of pixels that exceed thereference intensity of the electromagnetic radiation. The calculatedtotal number may then be the parameter used to generate the monitoringsignal 61. Other parameters calculated from the pixels of the capturedimage may be used, and standard signal conditioning techniques may beused to scale or adjust the monitoring signal.

Variations on the previous example have been contemplated for use withthe automated damper control system. For example, multiple referenceintensity levels may be utilized to discriminate between differentlevels of furnace emissions. Identifying multiple emission levels ofelectromagnetic radiation may enable the processor 60 to more accuratelycharacterize the level of furnace emissions and produce a moreresponsive monitoring signal 61. In another example, the sensor 50 maygenerate a multi-color digital image. The processor 60 may analyze allor a part of the color spectrum of the pixels in the capture image todetermine the character of furnace emissions. In yet another example,the processor 60 may identify the smoke or clouds of particulateemissions escaping from the furnace. In these examples, the processor 60would generate a monitoring signal 61 corresponding to a parameterrepresenting the identified electromagnetic radiation corresponding tosuch emissions from the furnace.

In yet another example, the processor 60 may calculate a parameter basedon a weighed count or average of pixels in a captured image. Theprocessor 60 may use a weighting function representing the relativecontribution of each pixel to the total furnace emissions. In such anembodiment, a smaller number of intense, heavily-weighed pixels maywarrant a different damper control than a larger number of less intensepixels.

In another image processing embodiment, the captured digital image 100may be segmented into selected control zones corresponding to portionsof the captured image representing the openings of the steelmakingfurnace through which electromagnetic radiation may be sensed. Forexample, control zones may be established at locations where a highpercentage of furnace emissions frequently occur. As shown in FIG. 4,control zone 110 a corresponds to the furnace-roof opening 22, controlzone 110 b corresponds to the electrode opening 32, and control zone 110c corresponds to the exhaust port opening 42. The processor 60 mayperform image processing only within the control zones to reduce theamount of processing.

The control zones may be predetermined portions of the captured digitalimage. Alternatively, the processor 60 may be capable of dynamicallyidentifying the control zones based upon reference points in thecaptured image of electromagnetic radiation. Such dynamic identificationof control zones may improve the reliability of the damper controlsystem by automatically correcting for inadvertent misalignments of thesensor 50 relative to the monitored openings of the furnace. Theprocessor 60 may also be capable of generating an alarm signal if thesensor is displaced to such an extent that the control zones no longeradequately represent the captured image.

One benefit of utilizing control zones is that extraneous data fromother portions of the captured image is effectively filtered. Themonitoring signal 61 produced by the image processor 60 may thus be amore accurate reflection of the emission observed at the openings of thefurnace.

Damper control systems utilizing control zones may also generatemultiple monitoring signals, each corresponding to parameters of pixelsof the captured digital image in one or more of the control zones. Themultiple monitoring signals may then be used, either separately or incombination, to determine the desired adjustment of one or morecontrollable dampers 90. In an electric arc furnace employing multipledampers, the relationship between each damper and each control zone maybe determined and incorporated into the control system thereby reducingemissions while further improving efficiency of the furnace.

Additionally, the image processor may apply a different referenceintensity for each control zone. Using different references may bedesired to compensate for differences in the environment between thesensor and each of the openings of the furnace corresponding to thecontrol zones. Alternatively, different references may be desired whenthe design of the exhaust ducts permit different openings to havedifferent observed emission levels.

The controller 70 may be capable of generating a control signal 71corresponding to a desired adjustment of the damper 90 responsive to themonitoring signal. The controller 70 may also be capable of generating acontrol signal corresponding to a desired adjustment of the induceddraft fan 95. The control 70 may comprise a computer, a programmablelogic controller, or equivalent device. In one example, the controller70 may be a proportional integral derivative (PID) controller. PIDcontrollers are well known in the art. The PID controller may providerapid control of the damper 90 when the monitoring signal 61 indicatesexcessive furnace emissions, and may provide a smaller control of thedamper when the monitoring signal 61 indicates the furnace is operatingefficiently. Additionally, a controller may be selected or implementedto achieve stability in the resulting system to avoid oscillation in thedamper adjustment.

The controller 70 may process the monitoring signal in numerous ways.For example, the controller may be capable of comparing the monitoringsignal to a set-point. The set-point may represent a level ofelectromagnetic radiation, such as visible flame, that has previouslybeen determined to correlate with efficient operation of the furnace,while ensuring that furnace emissions are adequately captured by theemission recovery system. Further, the set-point may be adjustable by anoperator. In another example, the controller 70 may be capable ofgenerating two or more control signals corresponding to desiredadjustments of at least two dampers. Multiple control signals may beused if a single controller is serving multiple furnaces each having itsown damper. Multiple control signals may also be used if a singlefurnace utilizes two or more controllable dampers to regulate negativepressure in the exhaust ducts and the flow of exhaust gases through theexhaust ducts.

A sample monitoring signal 161 and control signal 171 are illustrated inFIGS. 5A and 5B. The monitoring signal 161 is shown in FIG. 5A. In thisexample, three control zones were used and the percentage of pixels ineach control zone that exceeded a reference value was calculated. Themonitoring signal 161 was set to the maximum percentage calculated amongthe three control zones. As the graph illustrates, the monitoring signal161 fluctuates as the measured intensity of furnace emissions changes.During furnace operations, the monitoring signal 161 was compared to apre-established set-point value 162, also illustrated in FIG. 5A; and acontrol signal 171, shown in FIG. 5B, was generated by the controller.The monitoring signal 161 and control signal 171 are each shown over thesame duration on the same time scale. As depicted at Reference A, whenthe monitoring signal 161 exceeded the set-point value 162 indicatingincreased furnace emissions, the control signal 171 increased, depictedat Reference A′, causing the controllable damper to open increasing thenegative pressure applied to the furnace and the flow in the exhaustduct so that emissions are drawn back into the exhaust duct. Over time,the monitoring signal 161 can be seen to fluctuate around thepredetermined value of the set-point 162 as the controller makesadjustments to the damper position to ensure emissions are capturedwithout over drafting the furnace. Also shown in FIG. 5B are ReferencesB and C which are predetermined damper settings applied for specificfurnace operations, such as charging raw material or tapping or trimmingof the furnace. This illustrates an implementation of the automateddamper control system combined with predetermined fixed damper settings.

Actuator 80 may be capable of adjusting the position of the damper 90 inresponse to the control signal 71. The actuator 80 may be an electricmotor, a controllable servo, a pneumatic regulator, a hydraulicregulator, or any similar device. Numerous actuators are well known inthe art and the actuator 80 may be integrated with the controllabledamper 90. Additionally, actuator 80 may be capable of controlling theinduced draft fan 95 to further regulate the negative pressure in theexhaust duct 41 and the flow of furnace exhaust through the exhaustduct.

Other embodiments of the electric arc furnace damper control system arealso contemplated. For example, multiple sensors may be employed with asingle electric arc furnace. As shown in FIG. 6, multiple sensors 50,50′, 50″ may be provided, each sensor monitoring one or more of theopenings through which electromagnetic radiation may be viewed. Thesensor signals 51, 51′, 51″ generated by the multiple sensors may betransmitted to a single processor 60. The processor 60 may treat thesensor signals 51, 51′, 51″ provided by each sensor as a separatecontrol zone, or may combine two or more sensor signals 51, 51′, 51″ forthe purpose of processing.

Alternatively, a single electric arc furnace damper control system maybe employed with multiple electric arc furnaces. Multiple electric arcfurnaces may share a common exhaust duct 41 and controllable damper 90.As shown in FIG. 7, a damper control system for multiple electric arcfurnaces may share a common processor 60, and may share a commoncontroller 70. One or more sensors 50 may be allocated to each furnace.The processor 60 may be capable of processing the sensor signals fromall of the sensors using the techniques previously discussed andgenerating an aggregate monitoring signal from the processor. One ormore controllers may generate a control signal corresponding to thedesired adjustment of the controllable dampers 90. Variousconfigurations of exhaust ducts 41, controllers 70, processors 60 andcontrollable dampers 90 may be employed.

In another alternative, the damper control system 10 may have a furnace18 having at least one opening through which electromagnetic radiationfrom within the furnace may be sensed, an exhaust duct 41 adapted toreceive an exhaust gas stream emerging from the furnace, and acontrollable damper 90 adapted to adjust the pressure in the exhaustduct. The damper control system may also have a sensor 50 adapted tosense electromagnetic radiation emitted through one or more of theopenings of the furnace and generate a sensor signal corresponding tothe emitted electromagnetic radiation indicative of furnace emissions,and a controller 70 adapted to control the damper responsive to themonitoring signal indicative of the furnace emissions. The controller 70may control the damper either directly or indirectly in response to thesensor signal. For example, the sensor signal 51 may be processed priorto being communicated to the controller and/or various signalconditioning techniques may be applied to the sensor signal beforereceipt by the controller. Additionally, the controller may beresponsive to more than one sensor signal in parallel or series. Inanother embodiment, the damper control system 10 may also include apressure sensor adapted to generate a pressure monitoring signal, andthe controller may be adapted to generate a control signal correspondingto a desired adjustment of the damper responsive to the sensor signaland the pressure monitoring signal.

Various combinations of the elements of the electric arc furnace dampercontrol system previously described may be utilized in a givenembodiment. For example, the sensor and processor may be combined. Suchintegrated sensors with various processing capabilities such as imageprocessing are well known in the art. Additionally, the processor andcontroller may be combined. Numerous general purpose computers withcommercially available peripheral equipment could act as a combinedprocessor and controller. These and other possible combinations arecontemplated. It should be apparent that in these combinations, themonitoring signal may be wholly contained within the integrated device,and may even be exclusively contained within a software application.

Also disclosed is a method of controlling a furnace damper.

The method of controlling a furnace damper may include sensingelectromagnetic radiation through one or more openings of a furnace andgenerating a sensor signal corresponding to the electromagneticradiation, processing the sensor signal and generating a monitoringsignal responsive to a parameter of the electromagnetic radiationindicative of furnace emissions, and controlling the damper responsiveto the monitoring signal indicative the furnace emissions. Themonitoring signal may also be generated responsive to a parameter of theelectromagnetic radiation indicative of the pressure in the furnace, andthe damper may be controlled responsive to the monitoring signalindicative of the pressure in the furnace.

Alternately, the method of controlling a furnace damper may includesensing electromagnetic radiation from a furnace through one or moreopenings of the furnace and generating digital images thereof,processing the digital images and generating a monitoring signalresponsive to a parameter of the digital images indicative of furnaceemissions, and controlling the damper responsive to the monitoringsignal indicative of the furnace emissions. Additionally, the step ofprocessing the digital images may also include generating the monitoringsignal responsive to a parameter of the digital images indicative of thepressure in the furnace. The step of controlling the damper may alsoinclude controlling the damper responsive to the monitoring signalindicative of pressure in the furnace.

The monitoring and control signals may be generated using any of thetechniques previously discussed. The method of controlling a furnacedamper may also include processing the pixels of the digital image.Adjusting the position of the controllable damper in response to thecontrol signal may be achieved using an actuator as described above.Additionally, all of the features of the furnace damper control systempreviously discussed are contemplate for use with the method ofcontrolling a furnace damper.

The damper control system components may also be integrated. Anintegrated damper control system may comprise a controllable damper 90and a damper control device. The damper control device may comprise asensor 50 capable of sensing electromagnetic radiation emitted throughone or more of the openings of a steelmaking furnace and generating asensor signal 51 corresponding to the emitted electromagnetic radiation,a processor 60 capable of processing the sensor signal and generating amonitoring signal 61 responsive to a parameter of the electromagneticradiation indicative of operating conditions within a furnace, and acontroller 70 capable of controlling the damper 90 responsive to themonitoring signal indicative of the monitored parameter of furnaceoperations.

The components of the furnace damper control system may be integrated orpackaged into a unit. The integrated device may contain the capabilitiesof the sensor, image processor, and controller previously discussed. Byintegrating these elements into a damper control device,interconnections between the sensor and image processor and between theimage processor and controller may be reduced or eliminated. Forexample, the sensor and the image processor may share a common memorythereby eliminating the need for the captured image to be externallycommunicated to the processor. The image processor may receive thecaptured image simply by accessing the common memory. Similarly, theimage processor and controller may share a common memory where themonitoring signal is stored. In such an embodiment, the monitoringsignal may be the value of a memory location rather than a conventionalsignal transmitted over a wired or wireless connection.

The integrated electric arc furnace damper control device may alsocontain an output port, not shown, where the control signal may beaccessed. An actuator may be connected to the output port to access thecontrol signal. The control signal may be presented at the output portusing a custom signal interface or any of the interfaces commonlyavailable on electronic devices, such as RS232 or USB.

As disclosed herein, a furnace system may comprise a converter capableof containing molten metal, an exhaust duct capable of receiving anexhaust gas stream emerging from the furnace, a negative pressureapparatus (e.g. an induced draft fan) capable of drawing the exhaust gasstream from the furnace through the exhaust duct, a controllable dampercapable of adjusting the pressure in the exhaust duct, at least oneopening through which electromagnetic radiation from combustion in thefurnace may be sensed, a sensor capable of sensing electromagneticradiation emitted through one or more openings of the electric arcfurnace and generating digital images thereof, a processor capable ofprocessing the digital images and generating a monitoring signalresponsive to a parameter of the digital images indicative of furnaceemissions, a controller capable of generating a control signalresponsive to the monitoring signal indicative of the furnace emissions.The monitoring signal may also be responsive to a parameter of thedigital images indicative of the pressure in the furnace, and thecontroller may be cable of generating a control signal responsive to themonitoring signal indicative of the pressure in the furnace.Additionally, the furnace system may include an actuator capable ofadjusting the position of the damper in response to the control signal.Further, the features of the furnace damper control system 10 previouslydiscussed are contemplated for use with the furnace system.

Also disclosed is a method of making steel comprising charging a furnacewith raw material and operating the furnace to melt the raw material andmake steel. The raw material charge may be scrap metal and the furnacemay be an electric arc furnace. The operation of an electric arc furnacemay employ electrodes, oxygen lances, and other appropriate featuressuch as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,584,137. The method of making steelalso comprises sensing electromagnetic radiation emitted from thefurnace through one or more openings of the electric arc furnace. Aspreviously discussed the openings of the electric arc furnace mayinclude the furnace-roof opening 22, the electrode opening 32, and theexhaust port opening 42, as illustrated in FIG. 1. The method alsocomprises generating a sensor signal corresponding to the sensedelectromagnetic radiation. In one example, the sensor signal comprisesdigital images. The method of making steel also includes processing thesensor signal and generating a monitoring signal responsive to aparameter of the electromagnetic radiation indicative of furnaceemissions, or the pressure or temperature in the furnace. In oneembodiment, the method also comprises processing the pixels of a digitalimage, and generating a monitoring signal corresponding to a parameterof pixels in the digital image. The method also includes controlling thedamper responsive to the monitoring signal indicative of furnaceemissions, or the pressure in the furnace. Additionally, the method mayinclude generating a control signal corresponding to a desiredadjustment of a controllable damper indicated by the monitoring signal,and adjusting the position of the controllable damper in response to thecontrol signal.

The method of making steel may also include comparing the intensity ofthe pixels of the captured digital images to a reference intensity ofthe electromagnetic radiation, and segmenting the captured image intoselected control zones where each control zone is a portion of thecapture image. The method of making steel may be implemented using aseparate sensor, image processor, and controller as previouslydiscussed, or combinations of these elements. Alternatively, the methodof making steel may be implemented using an integrated furnace dampercontrol device.

The furnace damper control system and methods presently described mayalso be combined with other monitoring and control techniques. Forexample, certain steps in the operation of a furnace may usepredetermined damper settings. When charging the furnace with rawmaterial, the damper may be set to provide increased flow through theexhaust duct such as Reference B in FIG. 5B as a surge of furnaceemissions may be produced when the raw materials are first introducedinto a heated furnace. Other steps such as tapping or trimming maysimilarly warrant a predetermined setting for the damper such asReference C in FIG. 5B. A system that permits switching betweenautomated damper control and predetermined or manual setting may thus beuseful for many installations. Additionally, combining the automatedoptical damper control system with pressure monitoring, temperaturemonitoring, or exhaust gas composition monitoring may provide additionalinformation on the operation of the electric arc furnace and allow forimprovements in controlling furnace emissions.

The monitoring signal 61 and control signal 71 may be any type of signalsuitable for use in an industrial environment. The processor 60,controller 70, and actuator 80 selected for any given implementationwill determine the necessary signal characteristics. It is contemplatedthat the signals may be wired or wireless, and analog or digital. Tominimize interference, however, wired digital signals may be desired.

Additionally, the damper control system may include various alarms toalert the operator of potential fault conditions. In one example, analarm may be triggered by the failure of the sensor to capture an image,or upon an analysis of the captured image. An alarm may be provided bythe monitoring signal exceeding predetermined limits, by the controlsignal exceeding pre-established limits, or by the control signalcontinuously attempting to fully open or fully close the controllabledampers for more than a predetermined time period. These and other errorconditions will be apparent to those of skill in the art and may beintegrated with the damper control system to provide increasedprotection for the operators of the furnace and the damper controlsystem.

The automated damper control system presently disclosed may alsocomprise various alarm signals to alert an operator of conditionswarranting attention. For example, during normal operations themonitoring signal may be expected to fluctuate within a predeterminedrange and to respond to damper control adjustments within a certain timeperiod. If the monitoring signal exceeds the predetermined range formore than an expected time period, an alarm signal may be generated toalert the operator to the unexpected behavior. Similarly, if the controlsignal exceeds predetermined limits over a specified time period, thismay indicate a fault condition and warrant generating an alarm signal toalert the operator of a potential problem. Alternately or in addition,the pressure in the exhaust duct 41 may be monitored. Additional safetymeasures, such as temperature monitors on the controllable dampers, maybe utilized in combination with the automated damper control system.Alarm signals may be provided responsive to the monitored pressure,temperature, and/or other parameters, such as gas constituents orparticulate matter levels in the exhaust duct, or responsive to changesin these parameters. These and other conditions will be apparent tothose of skill in the art. Such additional measures may also provideadditional information useful for optimizing the performance of thedamper control system and for detecting potential problems.

The automated damper control system may be implemented with varioustypes of software including commercially available products such asNational Instruments Lab View™. The software implementation may providethe capability for an operator to override the automatic operation andmanually control the position of the dampers as may be desired. Suchimplementations are contemplated and may be useful for calibratingsystem parameters to achieve optimal efficiency.

While the invention has been described with detailed reference to one ormore embodiments, the disclosure is to be considered as illustrative andnot restrictive. Modifications and alterations will occur to thoseskilled in the art upon a reading and understanding of thisspecification. It is intended to include all such modifications andalterations in so far as they come within the scope of the claims, orthe equivalents thereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. A furnace damper control system comprising: afurnace having at least one opening through which electromagneticradiation from within the furnace may be sensed, an exhaust duct adaptedto receive an exhaust gas stream emerging from the furnace, and acontrollable damper adapted to adjust the pressure in the exhaust duct;a sensor adapted to sense electromagnetic radiation emitted through oneor more of the openings of the furnace and generate a sensor signalcorresponding to the emitted electromagnetic radiation indicative offurnace emissions; and a controller adapted to control the damperresponsive to the sensor signal indicative of the furnace emissions. 2.The furnace damper control system of claim 1, where the sensor signalcorresponds to a parameter of the electromagnetic radiation selectedfrom the group consisting of intensity, wavelength, amplitude,frequency, and combinations thereof.
 3. The furnace damper controlsystem of claim 1, where the electromagnetic radiation is at least apart of the visible spectrum.
 4. The furnace damper control system ofclaim 1, the controller comprising one selected from a group consistingof a computer, a programmable logic controller, a proportional integralderivative controller, and combinations thereof.
 5. The furnace dampercontrol system of claim 1, further comprising an actuator adapted toposition the damper.
 6. The furnace damper control system of claim 1,further comprising a pressure sensor adapted to generate a pressuremonitoring signal.
 7. The furnace damper control system of claim 1,where the controller is further adapted to generate a control signalcorresponding to a desired adjustment of the damper responsive to thesensor signal and the pressure monitoring signal.
 8. A furnace dampercontrol system comprising: a furnace having at least one opening throughwhich electromagnetic radiation from within the furnace may be sensed,an exhaust duct adapted to receive an exhaust gas stream emerging fromthe furnace, and a controllable damper adapted to adjust the pressure inthe exhaust duct; a sensor adapted to sense electromagnetic radiationemitted through one or more of the openings of the furnace and generatedigital images thereof; a processor adapted to process the digitalimages and generate a monitoring signal responsive to a parameter of thedigital images indicative of furnace emissions; and a controller adaptedto control the damper responsive to the monitoring signal indicative ofthe furnace emissions.
 9. The furnace damper control system of claim 8,where the digital images are indicative of at least a part of thevisible spectrum.
 10. The furnace damper control system of claim 8, thesensor comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of amonochrome sensor, a multi-color sensor, and an infrared sensor.
 11. Thefurnace damper control system of claim 8, where the processor is furtheradapted to compare the intensity of pixels in the digital images to areference intensity.
 12. The furnace damper control system of claim 11,where the reference intensity is a predetermined value.
 13. The furnacedamper control system of claim 11, where the reference intensity is anadjustable value.
 14. The furnace damper control system of claim 11,where the monitoring signal corresponds to a ratio of pixels of thedigital images exceeding the reference intensity.
 15. The furnace dampercontrol system of claim 11, where the parameter of the digital images isthe number of pixels of the digital images having an intensity exceedingthe reference intensity.
 16. The furnace damper control system of claim8, where the processor is further adapted to analyze color in thevisible spectrum of pixels of the digital images and generating amonitoring signal responsive to the color of the pixels in the digitalimages.
 17. The furnace damper control system of claim 8, where themonitoring signal is responsive to at least two parameters of pixels ofthe digital images.
 18. The furnace damper control system of claim 8,where the processor is further adapted to segment the digital imagesinto selected control zones, where each control zone is a portion of thedigital images.
 19. The furnace damper control system of claim 18, wherethe control zones are predetermined portions of the digital images. 20.The furnace damper control system of claim 18, where the control zonesare determined by the processor.
 21. The furnace damper control systemof claim 18, where the processor is further adapted to process pixels ofthe digital images in each control zone.
 22. The furnace damper controlsystem of claim 18, where the processor is further adapted to generateat least two monitoring signals corresponding to at least two controlzones.
 23. The furnace damper control system of claim 8, the controllercomprising one selected from a group consisting of a computer, aprogrammable logic controller, a proportional integral derivativecontroller, and combinations thereof.
 24. The furnace damper controlsystem of claim 8, where the controller is further capable of generatinga control signal corresponding to a desired adjustment of thecontrollable damper responsive to the monitoring signal.
 25. The furnacedamper control system of claim 24, where the controller is furthercapable of generating at least two control signals corresponding todesired adjustments of at least two dampers.
 26. The furnace dampercontrol system of claim 8, where the controller is further capable ofcomparing the monitoring signal to a set-point.
 27. The furnace dampercontrol system of claim 8, further comprising an actuator capable ofpositioning the damper.
 28. The furnace damper control system of claim27, the actuator comprising an electric motor.
 29. The furnace dampercontrol system of claim 8, further comprising a pressure sensor capableof generating a pressure monitoring signal.
 30. The furnace dampercontrol system of claim 29, where the controller is further capable ofgenerating a control signal corresponding to a desired adjustment of thedamper responsive to the monitoring signal and the pressure monitoringsignal.
 31. A furnace comprising: a converter adapted to contain moltenmetal; an exhaust duct adapted to receive an exhaust gas stream emergingfrom the furnace; a negative pressure apparatus adapted to draw theexhaust gas stream from the furnace through the exhaust duct; acontrollable damper adapted to adjust the pressure in the exhaust duct;at least one opening through which electromagnetic radiation from withinthe furnace may be sensed; a sensor adapted to sense electromagneticradiation emitted through one or more of the openings of the furnace andgenerate digital images thereof; a processor adapted to process thedigital images and generate a monitoring signal responsive to aparameter of the digital images indicative of furnace emissions; and acontroller adapted to control the damper responsive to the monitoringsignal indicative of the furnace emissions.
 32. The furnace of claim 31,the sensor comprising at least one selected from the group consisting ofa monochrome sensor, a multi-color sensor, and an infrared sensor. 33.The furnace of claim 31, where the processor is further adapted tocompare the intensity of pixels in the digital images to a referenceintensity.
 34. The furnace of claim 33, where the monitoring signalcorresponds to a ratio of pixels of the digital images exceeding thereference intensity.
 35. The furnace of claim 31, where the controlleris a proportional integral derivative controller.